What is the Tenakh?

The Tenakh is the Hebrew Bible, the central and most sacred collection of writings in Judaism. The word Tenakh is an acronym made from the first letters of its three main sections:

• T – Torah (Law)The first five books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.The Torah contains God’s teachings, laws, and the founding stories of the Jewish people. It is considered the holiest part of the Tenakh.

• N – Nevi’im (Prophets)This section includes historical books like Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, as well as the messages of prophets such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Amos. These texts show how the Israelites tried to live according to God’s laws and how prophets reminded them to return to God when they strayed.

• K – Ketuvim (Writings)A diverse collection including psalms, poetry, wisdom literature, and historical writings—for example, Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ruth, Esther, and Daniel. These books explore themes such as faith, suffering, prayer, and the meaning of life.

All three sections together make up the Tenakh. It is written mainly in Hebrew, with a few parts in Aramaic, and is believed by Jews to contain the inspired word of God.

How is the Tenakh used?

The Tenakh plays a central role in Jewish religious life, worship, teaching, and moral guidance.

• In synagogue worship:The Torah is read publicly every week in a cycle that covers the entire Torah each year. Portions from the Nevi’imare read alongside the weekly Torah reading. Many prayers and songs in the synagogue come from the Ketuvim, especially the Psalms.

• In personal study:Jews study the Tenakh to understand God’s commandments, reflect on moral lessons, and learn about Jewish history and identity. It is often studied with commentaries written by famous rabbis such as Rashi to help explain its meaning.

• For moral and spiritual guidance:The Tenakh contains teachings about justice, kindness, charity, forgiveness, and faith. Jews turn to it for advice on how to live a good life according to God’s will.

• In family and community celebrations:Many Jewish festivals are based on events recorded in the Tenakh—for example, Passover (Exodus), Purim (Esther), and Shavuot (giving of the Torah). The Tenakh provides the stories and commandments that shape Jewish tradition.

The Tenakh is therefore not just a historical document; it is actively used in everyday religious practice.

Why is the Tenakh important?

The Tenakh is central to Jewish life for many reasons:

• It is the foundation of Jewish faith and identity.Jews believe the Tenakh contains God’s revelation to humanity and the story of how God formed a covenant with the Jewish people.

• It gives the commandments (mitzvot).Much of Jewish law and religious duty comes directly from the Tenakh, especially the Torah. These laws govern ethical behaviour, worship, festivals, and family life.

• It teaches key moral values.The prophets emphasise justice, compassion, and responsibility for the poor. The writings offer wisdom about suffering, hope, prayer, and human purpose.

• It shapes Jewish culture and tradition.Jewish festivals, prayers, and rituals come from the Tenakh. It preserves the history of the Jewish people from creation to the return from exile.

• It connects Jews across time and place.Whether living in ancient Israel or in modern Diaspora communities, Jews read the same Tenakh. It is a powerful link between generations and a source of unity.

Because of its importance, the Tenakh is treated with great respect. Torah scrolls are handwritten on parchment, stored in the Ark, and kissed when touched, showing the deep reverence Jews have for these sacred texts.