Reform Judaism

Torah

Reform Judaism teaches that the Torah is inspired by God but written by human beings. This means it is respected as sacred, but it is not seen as a set of unchanging laws in the same way as in Orthodox Judaism. Instead, Reform Jews believe the Torah’s teachings can be adapted to fit the modern world. For example, while Orthodox Jews might insist on following all 613 commandments (mitzvot), Reform Jews place greater emphasis on ethical principles such as justice, kindness, and equality, rather than strict ritual observance.

Messiah

When it comes to the Messiah, Reform Jews generally do not expect a personal Messiah who will come to restore the Temple or gather the Jewish people back to Israel. Instead, they believe in the hope of a Messianic Age — a future era of peace, justice, and harmony for all people. Reform Jews emphasise human responsibility in bringing about this age by working for social justice, equality, and the protection of the environment. In this sense, the Messianic hope is not about waiting for one person but about all people working together to improve the world.

Practices

Because Reform Jews see Jewish law (halakhah) as adaptable, their practices are generally more flexible than those of Orthodox Jews. Ethical commandments are considered central, while many ritual laws, such as the dietary rules of kashrut, are treated as optional. Some Reform Jews may choose to keep a kosher home, but many do not, focusing instead on values like fairness, honesty, and helping the poor.

Shabbat

Shabbat remains an important part of Reform Jewish life, but it is observed in a way that fits with modern society. Reform Jews celebrate Shabbat with family meals, blessings over wine and bread, and attendance at synagogue, but many are comfortable driving to synagogue, using electricity, or even working if necessary. The main focus is on rest, worship, and family togetherness, rather than strict rules about what can and cannot be done.

Worship

Worship practices in Reform Judaism are also distinct. Services are usually shorter and more accessible, often held in the local language alongside some Hebrew, so that everyone can understand and participate. Unlike in Orthodox synagogues, men and women sit together, and women can become rabbis, lead prayers, and read from the Torah. Reform Judaism places a strong emphasis on inclusivity, so roles in synagogue and home life are seen as equal for men and women. This commitment to equality reflects the Reform belief that Judaism must respond to the values of the time while still remaining faithful to its spiritual roots.

Summary

Reform Judaism reflects a more progressive and flexible approach to Jewish life. Believing that the Torah is sacred but not fixed, Reform Jews prioritise ethical principles and adapt religious practices to fit with modern circumstances. Their understanding of the Messiah focuses on a collective Messianic Age rather than an individual figure, and their practices — from Shabbat observance to worship styles — are shaped by inclusivity, accessibility, and equality. This makes Reform Judaism significantly different from Orthodox Judaism, while still rooted in the same Jewish heritage.